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JavaScript should be able to do it, at least against SQL Server. But you have to configure the database in a way that most hosts won't allow, due to risk. Plus, we're not talking about Microsoft products.
To get into (ie connect to) a database, you need to supply credentials. Those tend to come in one of two forms. Either you've got a user name and pass phrase combination, or you're logged into a network (typically Windows NT) and by virtue of your AD account, you're granted (or denied!) access to the database. With HTML, we have a problem.
The markup can run on any computer or cell phone in the world. So right there, single sign on is out. And because I can look at a web page, and email it to someone else, you can't put a password into it!
That leaves ASP.NET, PHP, or some other server side development framework. What these do is run your custom logic (ie querying a database) and then build an HTML web page from what it learns.
And that, in turn, brings up another issue. A database doesn't answer your queries in HTML format. The server code takes the answer, and converts it into something your browser knows how to display.
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